Growing up in New York City as a Catholic girl in Far Rockaway, Queens, I never heard the word “Islamophobia,” that is, until the World Trade Center attack on September 11, 2001, when it became common vernacular. Twenty-five years later, how is islamophobia defined today? It is the fear, hatred, or prejudice directed at Muslims or those perceived to be Muslim, often manifesting as racism, discrimination, and violence, which stereotypes all Muslims as a uniform, threatening group. It is often fueled by media coverage and politics, such as it is currently during the Iranian-Israeli-US War in the Middle East.

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